Explainer: What is alpha-synuclein?

Alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) is a protein most known for its involvement in Parkinson’s disease.

We have α-synuclein throughout our tissues, with the highest concentrations found in the brain. Although the exact function of α-synuclein is not fully understood, evidence suggests it is involved in the release of neurotransmitters in the brain.

This protein is a normal part of the body. However, it can cause problems when its shape changes, turning into a toxic version of itself that contributes to disease.

What is the role of α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s is a movement disorder that worsens over time. Research suggests that α-synuclein may play a prominent role in the disease.

In Parkinson’s, α-synuclein becomes misshapen, causing it to stick together and form toxic protein clumps (or aggregates) known as Lewy bodies.¹ These clumps interfere with the function of brain cells, causing them to dysfunction and die.¹

We don’t know exactly what causes α-synuclein to change its shape, but one cell type that is vulnerable to this change is dopamine-producing cells. The loss of dopamine-producing cells contributes to Parkinson’s hallmark symptoms: tremors, muscle stiffness and slow movement.

Are there treatments that target α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease?

Understanding why α-synuclein misfolds may help scientists develop new therapies designed to slow or stop disease progression. Many potential Parkinson’s treatments in the pipeline target α-synuclein.² Some of these strategies involve reducing protein production or inhibiting aggregation to prevent formation of Lewy bodies. Scientists have also explored immunotherapy as a way to use the body’s immune system to target and eliminate toxic protein clumps in hopes of slowing disease progression.³